MODAL VERBS/MODALS
In my post today, I'll give you a practical summary of the main meanings expressed by the set of verbs generally called modal verbs or modals.
Modals can express a varied range of ideas and shades of meaning, very useful to complete the English verb conjugation system.
They are usually divided into central modals (can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would) and semi-modals or marginal modals (ought to, used to, need, dare).
I'll concentrate on the main meanings expressed by the central modals, though I will include some notes about the following semi-modals: ought to, as an alternative to should, needn't (the negative of need), for absence of obligation, and used to, for habitual actions in the past, as against to be used to, for sth you are accustomed to doing.
1.- CAN/MAY?
· Can indicates mainly capacity or abilility to do sth:
I’m sure he can
do (it) better than that – estoy seguro de
que puede hacerlo mejor.
My wife can
speak French - mi mujer sabe
hablar francés.
· May indicates that sth is possible:
It may rain this
afternoon - puede que llueva esta tarde.
· Both can and may can be used to indicate ‘permission’, but may is more formal than can:
Can I smoke? -
¿puedo fumar? (informal)
May I smoke? - ¿puedo fumar? (formal)
Practice
-1
Fill
in the gaps with can or may as required
a.- Gwen ........... play the piano, but she
............... play the violin.
b.- He says he ........... come this weekend if
he ............... find a cheap flight.
c.- ................. you walk a bit faster?
We’re going to be late for the concert.
d.- The TV said that it .................... be
colder tomorrow.
e.- If there’s anything I ....................
do to help you give me a ring.
f.- Mum, ................. I borrow your
necklace for Linda’s wedding?
g.- Excuse me, Madam, .................... I use
your phone?
KEY 1
a.-
can; can’t; b.- may; can; c.- can; d.- may/might; e.- can; f.- can; g.- may.
2.-
‘PODER’ IN THE INFINITIVE AND FUTURE AND PERFECT TENSES
Can, like the rest of modals, is defective, lacking a to-infinitive and a participle, so to translate ‘poder’ in the infinitive, the future or
perfect tenses use to be able:
I won’t be able
to come tomorrow – no podré venir
mañana.
I haven’t been
able to do it – no he podido hacerlo.
Practice
-2
Complete
the sentences with the adequate form of to
be able
a.- In fifty years’ time I’m sure that everybody
........... to live to a hundred.
b.- I have your report, but I
........................ to read it yet.
c.- I’ve always wanted
............................... to speak Japanese.
d.- Martin has just phoned to say that he
......................... to come tomorrow.
KEY 2
a.-
will be able; b.- haven’t been able; c.- to be able; d- won’t be able
3.- MUST/SHOULD?
Both can mean ‘deber’, but must is always more forceful, more assertive
than should, so use must for moral or legal obligation,
rules, commands or strong advice:
You must switch
off your mobile phone in the cinema – debes
apagar tu móvil en el cine
You must respect
your teachers – debes respetar a tus profesores
and use
should for convenience or less strong
advice:
You shouldn’t
eat so many cakes – no deberías
comer tantos pasteles.
Although
not so frequently used as should,
especially in negative sentences, ought
to is synonymous with should with
the meaning of ‘deber’:
You ought to give up smoking –
deberías dejar de fumar
You ought to get up earlier –
deberías levantarte más temprano
Practice
-3
Complete
with should or must as
required
a.- You’re getting a pot belly; you
................ drink so much beer.
b.- There’s a school nearby, you
................ drive more slowly.
c.- He’s losing too much blood, we
............... call an ambulance at once.
d.- You work too hard, I think you
........................ slow down.
KEY 3
a.-
shouldn’t; b.- must; c.- must; d.- should.
4.- MUST IN THE PAST
In indirect speech you can use must or had to, but only had to in direct speech:
The boss told me
that I must /had to get to work earlier - el
jefe me dijo que debía/tenía que llegar más temprano al trabajo.
He had to sell
his house - tuvo que vender su casa.
Practice-4
Turn the following sentences into the past
a.- My father always tells me that I must obey
the law.
b.- My husband is away, so I must walk the dog.
c.- He must retire at 55 owing to bad health.
d.- The cleaning lady is ill, so I must make the
beds.
KEY 4
a.- My
father always told me that I must/had to obey the law. b.- My husband was away,
so I had to walk the dog. c.- He had to retire at 55 owing to bad health. d.-
The cleaning lady was ill, so I had to make the beds.
5.-
ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION/PROHIBITION
We all know that mustn’t
is used to express prohibition, and needn’t
or not have to for absence of
obligation:
You mustn’t do
it - debes hacerlo
You needn’t do
it/you don’t have to do it - no tienes por qué hacerlo
But, attention, if there was no need for you
to do sth, but you did it nevertheless, needn’t
have is used:
You
needn’t have done it – no
tenías que haberlo hecho
and if
there was sth that you had to do, but you didn’t do it, use should have and not must have, because must have indicates
supposition:
You
should have done it – deberías
haberlo hecho
Practice-
5
* Insert needn’t or mustn’t according to whether the sentences express obligation
or absence of obligation
a.- You
..................... cut the roses in the park; it’s forbidden.
b.- You
..................... tell him, I’ve already done it.
c.-
You...................... wake me up; I’ve bought an alarm clock.
d.- You
..................... smoke in the office.
e.- Why
did you order chicken as well? you ................... have ordered so much
food
** Complete
now with must have or should have according to whether you
want to express supposition or sth that had to be done and wasn’t done
a.- “He didn’t phone me.” “He
........................ forgotten.
b.- “Sorry I dropped the glass”. “You
..................... been more careful.
c.- “A burglar entered my house last week”. “You
.................... left the door open; you .......................... locked
it.”
KEY 5
* a.-
mustn’t; b.- needn’t; c.- needn’t; d.- mustn’t; e.- needn’t.
** a.-
must have; b.- should have; c.- must have; should have.
6.- SHALL OR WILL FOR QUESTIONS?
· Use shall for questions that suggest sth, or
ask for instructions or for the hearer’s agreement about sth.
shall we dance? - ¿bailamos?
shall I walk the dog? - ¿saco a pasear al perro?
shall I call a taxi? - ¿llamo
un taxi?
· Use will for polite requests or invitations:
will you please help me? - ¿quiere
ayudarme, por favor?
will you have another drink? - ¿quieres tomar otra copa?
Practice-6
Complete
the following questions with shall or
will as required
a.-
.................. I make some coffee?
b.-
.................. you pass me the salt please?
c.-
.................. we play cards?
d.-
.................. you join me for lunch?
KEY 6
a- shall; b- will; c- shall;
d- will
7.- USED TO/TO BE USED TO
To be used to + infinitive
is used to express habitual actions in the past:
I used
to smoke, but I gave it up two years ago – yo solía fumar,
pero lo dejé hace dos años.
to be used to + -ing form is used to express sth you are
accustomed to doing:
I’m not used to getting up so early – no
estoy acostumbrado a levantarme tan temprano.
Attention! for
habitual actions in the present the simple
present is used:
I usually get up at seven o’clock every
day - Me suelo levantar a las siete todos los días
Carol is usually late - Carol
suele llegar tarde.
Practice-7
Put the
verb in brackets in the infinitive or the –ing
form as required
a.- Basil’s used to (work)
.............................................. eight hours on his farm.
b.- He’s used to (sleep) ..................................
late on Sunday mornings.
c.- I used
to (play) ........................................ basketball at school.
d.- Grace used to (cry)
................................... a lot when she was a baby.
e.- I’m not used to (eat) ........................................
so much.
f.- My father used to (travel)
......................................... a lot.
KEY 7
a- working; b- sleeping; c-
play; d- cry; e- eating; f- travel
8.-
POLITE REQUESTS
You can make a polite request in English with the following
modals: can/could, may/might and will/would.
May is more formal than can, and the past forms (could, might and would) are considered to
be more polite than the present ones (can,
may and will):
Can I have some
coffee, please? - ¿puedo tomar
café, por favor?
Could you lend
me a pen, please? -
¿podrías prestarme una pluma, por favor?
May I come in? - ¿puedo pasar?
Might I have
another drink? - ¿podría tomarme
otra copa?
Will you please
answer the phone? -
¿quieres contestar el teléfono?
Would you please
stop the car? - ¿Querría usted
parar el coche, por favor?
Practice-8
Make
polite requests using the words in brackets
a.- ¿Quieres abrir la ventana, por favor?
(will)
a.-
.........................................................
b.- ¿Puedo tomar otro café? (may)
b.-
....................................................
c.- ¿Puedes ayudarme a llevar la maleta al
piso de arriba? (can)
c.-
....................................................
d.- ¿Podrías prestarme tu moto? (could)
d.- ..............................................................
e.- ¿Podría traer otro amigo a la fiesta? (might)
e.-
..................................................................
KEY 8
a- will you please open the
window?
b- may I have another coffee?
c- can you help me (to) carry
the suitcase upstairs?
d- could you lend me your
bike/motorcycle?
e- might I bring another friend to the party?
9.- MODAL VERBS AND THE PASSIVE
Having
no past participle, modal verbs cannot be conjugated in the passive, but they
can express passive ideas if they are followed by a passive infinitive:
It can’t be done – no puede hacerse.
It must be done - debe hacerse.
Practice
-9
Turn
the following sentences into the passive
a.- You must finish this as soon as
possible
a.- This ........................................................
b.- We must tell the police at once
b.- The police
................................................
c.- They might have run you over
c.- You
......................................................
d.- They ought to give him a medal
d.- He
..........................................................
KEY 9
a- This must be finished as
soon as possible
b- The police must be told
once
c- You might have been run
over
d- He ought to be given a
medal
For a complete study of
modals and semi-modals, their forms, characteristics and meanings, see my Gramática Inglesa, 9ª
ed., Pearson, pp. 294-327.